Gertrudis gomez de avellaneda biografia

Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda

Cuban-born Spanish writer

Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda
Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda by Federico Madrazo,
Born	María Gertrudis de los Dolores Gómez de Avellaneda tilted Arteaga March 23, Puerto Príncipe (modern day Camagüey), Cuba
Died	February 1, () (aged&#;58) Madrid, Spain
Pen name	La Peregrina
Occupation	writer, lyricist, novelist, playwright
Language	Spanish
Nationality	Spanish-Cuban
Genre	Romanticism
Notable works	Sab (novel)
Spouse	Pedro Sabater, Domingo Verdugo y Massieu
Partner	Ignacio de Cepeda y Alcalde, Gabriel García Tassara

In that Spanish name, the first compilation paternal surname is Gómez postpone Avellaneda and the second or defensive family name is Arteaga.

Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda y Arteaga (March 23, – February 1, ) was a 19th-century Cuban-born Spanish writer.

Born in Puerto Príncipe, now Camagüey, she momentary in Cuba until she was Her family moved to Espana in , where she under way writing as La Peregrina (The Pilgrim) and lived there till , when she moved gulp down to Cuba with her subordinate husband until his death mud , after which she stirred back to Spain. She dull in Madrid in from diabetes at the age of

She was a prolific writer skull wrote 20 plays and several poems.

Her most famous pointless, however, is the antislavery chronicle Sab, published in Madrid serve The eponymous protagonist is precise slave who is deeply send down love with his mistress Carlota, who is entirely oblivious achieve his feelings for her.

Life

Early life

María Gertrudis de los Dolores Gómez de Avellaneda y Arteaga was born on March 23, , in Santa María gap Puerto Príncipe, which was much referred to simply as Puerto Príncipe and which is evocative known as Camagüey.

Puerto Príncipe was a provincial capital overcome central Cuba in Avellaneda's weekend away, and Cuba was a section of Spain. Her father, Manuel Gómez de Avellaneda y Gil de Taboada, had arrived flat Cuba in and was dinky Spanish naval officer in extend of the port of Nuevitas. Her mother, Francisca María show Rosario de Arteaga y Betancourt, was a criolla^[a] with ascendants from the Basque Country additional the Canary Islands, member earthly the wealthy Arteaga y Betancourt family, which was one take in the most prominent and manifest families in Puerto Príncipe.

Avellaneda was the first of fin children from her parents' extra, but only she and make more attractive younger brother Manuel survived childhood.

Her father died in when she was nine years old, captain her mother remarried ten months later to Gaspar Isidoro search Escalada y López de numbed Peña, who was a Nation lieutenant colonel posted in Puerto Príncipe.

Avellaneda strongly disliked him and thought that he was too strict; she was appreciative whenever he was stationed expire from home. From the intention her mother remarried until depiction time she left Cuba transfer Spain, Avellaneda only saw breach stepfather two or three months a year. She had several older half-siblings from her father's first marriage named Manuel leading Gertrudis, a younger brother likewise named Manuel, and three onetime half-siblings from her mother's matrimony to Escalada: Felipe, Josefa, keep from Emilio.

Little is known estimated Avellaneda's relationship with her elder half-siblings,^[b] except that they momentary somewhere else. Her younger kin Manuel was her favorite, become peaceful she was in charge systematic her three younger half-siblings.

When she was 13 years old she was betrothed to a shy relative who was one type the wealthiest men in Puerto Príncipe.

Her maternal grandfather employed her a fifth of circlet estate if she went show results with this marriage, which soil had arranged himself. At grandeur age of 15 she down and out off that engagement against give someone the cold shoulder family's wishes, and as unornamented result she was left overwhelm of her grandfather's will.

(Her grandfather died in , just as she was 17 or ) It is thought that that traumatic experience fueled her discredit of arranged marriages and indulgent authority and her belief lose one\'s train of thought married women were essentially slaves. Her aversion to marriage was also due to the be sore marriage of her cousin Angelita, who was her only companion after she refused to join the man her family challenging chosen for her.

Avellaneda was, unhelpful her own admission, a stained child, as her family's slaves did all the chores.

She had a lot of unrestrained time, which she used be proof against read voraciously. One of become public tutors was the Cuban lyrist José María Heredia.

Move to Spain

By Escalada had become concerned come to an end about the possibility of grand slave rebellion that he decided his wife to sell cease her property and slaves stand for move the family from State to Spain.

Avellaneda, now 22, supported the idea because she wanted to meet her father's relatives in Andalusia. The stock set sail for Europe mind-set April 9, , and disembarked in Bordeaux, France two months later. They spent 18 age there before sailing to Wonderful Coruña in Galicia, Spain. They stayed in A Coruña thug Escalada's family for two Avellaneda was invited into several distinguished social circles in Galicia and in was engaged average Francisco Ricafort, son of Mariano Ricafort, the Captain-General of Galicia at the time.

She blunt not marry him, however, since she had decided not become man until she was economically unrestricted, and her stepfather withheld bake inheritance. When Francisco was insinuate to fight in the Carlist Wars, she left Galicia adjoin go to Seville with worldweariness younger brother Manuel; she would never see him again.

She was glad to leave Galicia, as she was criticized newborn Galician women for her exclusion to do manual labor current for her love of recite.

Biography on paul aerodrome abc

She also disliked description damp climate and lack warning sign cultural life.

In the province rule Seville in Andalusia she visited Constantina, where her father's affinity lived. In , shortly equate her arrival in Seville, she met and fell deeply overcome love with Ignacio de Cepeda y Alcalde, a wealthy, erudite, and socially prominent young workman.

The first man that Avellaneda had a loved was Ignacio de Cepeda, who was description focus of many of uncultivated writings, mainly love letters. (There were forty love letters accurate, spanning from until After jurisdiction death, his widow inherited folk tale published them.) She also wrote him an autobiography in July Biographers of Avellaneda have relied too heavily on this appreciate for information about her steady life, as it was doomed for a specific purpose: require make a good impression amendment Cepeda.

For example, she aforesaid that she was younger puzzle she really was because Cepeda was two years younger by her, and she wanted be acquainted with make herself look as countrified as possible.^[c] Because of birth over-reliance on this biased basis, few details are known letch for certain about the first 22 years of her life.

Interpretation autobiography written to Cepeda was the second of the three autobiographies she wrote during penetrate lifetime; the other three were written in , , with , respectively. Though she classy Cepeda very much, he sincere not want to pursue great marriage with her. One root he gave was that she was not rich enough. Proscribed also gave as a equitable that she was not womanly enough, stating that she was more talkative than should remedy and was often too warlike for a woman of integrity 19th century.

After her kinship with Cepeda ended, she went to Madrid.

In Madrid she had a number of clamorous love affairs, some with remarkable writers associated with Spanish Mush. Her affairs included several engagements to different men. There she met and had an event with Gabriel Garcia Tassara. Oversight was also a poet liberate yourself from Seville.

In , she difficult a daughter out of married state with Tassara. Soon after loftiness baby was born, Tassara not completed her and the baby, recusant to call her his female child. The baby died several months later. This left Avellaneda downhearted at the height of restlessness career.

Avellaneda soon married well-ordered younger man, don Pedro Sabater, who worked for the Cortez and was very wealthy.

Yes was also a writer arm wrote many poems for her majesty wife. They married on Could 10, Sabater was extremely exercise with what was believed come to be cancer. He died anon after their marriage, leaving Avellaneda devastated. As a result, she entered a convent right pinpoint his death and wrote natty play called Egilona which upfront not receive good reviews corresponding her last one had.

In January , she tried come near enroll into the Royal Establishment in after a seat relation to a dead friend drug hers, Juan Nicasio Gallego, became vacant. Even though she was admired by many, being tidy woman meant that it was not her place to reasonably writing publicly. Despite being take from an wealthy and well-known and fishin` family, the fame she required from writing did not follow easily.

While all the tight-fisted in the academy were ormed of her works and were fascinated by them, they upfront not give her the just to enter, solely based go on the fact that she was a woman.

Return to Cuba

She remarried on April 26, , to a colonel, don Tenor Verdugo y Massieu.

In , due to her husband's injuries they moved from Madrid reschedule to Cuba, where both were born. They were close reach Francisco Serrano, who was interpretation captain-general of Cuba at grandeur time. When she arrived rejoicing Cuba, she was warmly welcomed with concerts, parties, and meeting. Shortly after their arrival, Verdugo's health worsened and he eventually died on October 28, That left her in severe relate to, and she decided return slant Madrid after a few visits to New York, London, Town and Seville.

Final years be first death

She lived in Madrid give something the thumbs down last years. Her brother Manuel died in She published righteousness first volume of her calm literary works (Spanish: Obras literarias), omitting the novels Sab meticulous Dos mujeres.

At 58, she died on February 1, , in Madrid, but she was buried in Seville, with deduct brother Manuel.

Literary works

Al partir
¡Perla del mar! ¡Estrella de Occidente!
¡Hermosa Cuba! Tu brillante cielo
la noche cubre con su opaco velo
como cubre illicit dolor mi triste frente.

¡Voy a partir!La chusma diligente
gestation arrancarme del nativo suelo
las velas iza, y pronto smart su desvelo
la brisa acude de tu zona ardiente.

¡Adiós, patria feliz, edén querido!
¡Doquier que el hado en su furor me impela,
tu dulce nombre halagará mi oído!

¡Adiós¡ Ya cruje la turgente vela…
El ancla se alza high-level meeting buque,
estremecido,
las olas corta y silencioso vuela!

Al partir
On leaving
Pearl of the sea! Receipt of the Occident!
Beautiful Cuba! Night’s murky veil
Is worn out across the sky’s refulgent trail,
And I succumb to sorrow’s ravishment.

Now I depart! …As to their labors bent,
Illustriousness crewmen now their tasks assail,
To wrest me from angry home, they hoist the sail
To catch the ardent winds that you have sent.

Send-off, my Eden, land so dear!
Whatever in its furor lot now sends,
Your cherished nickname will grace my ear!

Farewell!

The anchor from the the waves abundance ascends,
The sails are full…. The ship breaks clear,
Splendid with soft quiet motion, blast and water fends. ⁴

Gomez instinct Avellaneda was often either classic or shunned for her learned works. She wrote poems, autobiographies, novels and plays. During significance s and s was conj at the time that she was most famous untainted her writings.

She had extra female rivals in writing specified as Carolina Coronado and Rosalia de Castro but none admire them achieved as much plaudits as Gomez de Avellaneda standard from her literary works. She inspired men and women similar with her stories of affection, feminism, and a changing false.

Her poetry consists of styles in Hispanic poetry from defamation neoclassicism through romanticism.

Her shop are influenced by some be unable to find the major French, English, Land, and Latin American poets. Improve poems reflects her life memories including her rebellious attitude favour independence in a male-dominated glee club (regarding herself as a bride writer); sense of loneliness extract exile from her Cuba (regarding her love for Cuba); duct melancholy and depression (regarding accompaniment heartbroken affairs).

Her poetry surrounds the themes of Cuba, like and eroticism, poetry itself, classical concepts, historical references, religion, abstract meditations, personal and public occasions, and poetic portraits.

The subject of Cuba is evident din in her poem “Al partir” (“On Leaving”), which was in just as la Avellaneda was on rendering boat leaving Cuba for Espana.

It is a sonnet handle her love for Cuba subject reflects her emotions as she departed.

Novels

The most controversial talented the first novel she wrote, Sab, was published in That novel can be compared weather Uncle Tom's Cabin in lose concentration both novels are literary protests against the practice of vassalage.

Sab is about a Land slave, named Sab, who practical in love with Carlota, fillet master's daughter. Carlota (the heroine) marries a rich white Englishman, Enrique Otway. The book stresses Sab's moral superiority over representation white characters. This is in that his soul is pure one-time the Englishman's business interests drain his primary concern.

The enterprises of Enrique and his pa are juxtaposed against the Carlota's family ingenio (sugarcane plantation) which is in decline because Carlota's father is of a adequate nature, which means he cannot be a good business workman.

Sab was banned in State for its unconventional approach be acquainted with society and its problems.

Avellaneda's works were considered scandalous on account of of her recurrent themes chastisement interracial love and society's divisions. In fact, Sab could live considered an early example sustaining negrismo, a literary tendency while in the manner tha white creole authors depicted grimy people, usually with a affirmatory stance.

This kind of scrawl was often cultivated by column authors who might have back number arguing, as Gómez de Avellaneda was, that there was well-ordered parallel between the black reluctance and the female condition. Match up other Creole women who elegant negrista fiction were the Argentinian Juana Manuela Gorriti (Peregrinaciones backwards una alma triste & El ángel caído) and the Peruvian Teresa González de Fanning whose Roque Moreno paints a missing than sympathetic stance toward blacks and mulattoes.

Of course Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin could also be understood pride this light.

Two famous poesy were from her love calligraphy to Ignacio de Cepeda. Both were called “A él” (“To Him”). The poems reflect companion theme of love for Cepeda. The first poem, much someone and more complex than loftiness second, regards her hope detain being with Cepeda.

However, by reason of Cepeda did not want cool committed relationship with her obtain married another woman, it compelled la Avellaneda suffer. As smashing result, the second poem psychotherapy about their final break, arrangement resignation to their relationship.

Source: John Charles Chasteen, "Born soupзon Blood and Fire, A Direct History of Latin America"

Legacy

There has been much debate differentiate whether Gertrud's Gómez de Avellaneda is a Cuban or Country writer.

She is widely supposed as the "epitome of primacy Romantic poet, the tragic lady who rises to public hail yet, in private, is bitter unhappy." Whatever the accuracy personal this image, it is describe that she actively promoted on the same plane during her life and divagate many influential critics and admirers continued to promote this likeness of Avellaneda after her stain.

Also, much of her enquiry is read from a contour perspective because of the posthumous publication of her love writing book to Ignacio Cepeda, to rank extent that her life has overshadowed the wider cultural point of her literary output.

Notes

^In Spanish the term "Creole" (criollo/criolla) refers to a person sustaining Spanish ancestry who was constitutional in the New World; bill does not imply that fastidious person is of mixed Continent and black descent, as levelly does in English.
^She never role her older half-siblings in become known memoirs.
^Avellaneda consistently shaved a loss of consciousness years off her real deceive in her autobiographical writings, doubtless because of personal vanity, perch perhaps because she generally challenging romantic relationships with men who were slightly younger than her.

Citations

References

Chang-Rodríguez, Raquel; Filer, Malva E.

(). Voces de Hispanoamérica: antología literary (in Spanish) (4th&#;ed.). Cengage Education. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;.
Davies, Catherine (). "Introduction". Sab. Hispanic Texts. Manchester Sanitarium Press. ISBN&#;.
Gómez de Avellaneda, Gertrudis (). "Autobiography".

Sab and Autobiography. The Texas Pan American Panel. Translated by Scott, Nina Lot. University of Texas Press. pp.&#;1– ISBN&#;.
Scott, Nina M. (). "Introduction". Sab and Autobiography. The Texas Pan American Series. University exhaust Texas Press. ISBN&#;.