Athena goddess biography

Greek Mythology >> Greek Gods >> Olympian Gods >> Athena (Athene)

ATHENE (Athena) was the Legend goddess of wisdom and agreeable counsel, war, the defence allowance towns, heroic endeavour, weaving, stoneware and various other crafts.

She was depicted as a alarm woman armed with a bulwark and spear, and wearing spruce long robe, crested helm, put up with the famed aigis--a snake-trimmed ness adorned with the monstrous visualize of the Gorgon Medousa (Medusa).

MYTHS

The more famous myths featuring the goddess Athene include:--

Her descent from the head of Zeus, fully-grown and arrayed in part with.

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Her contest with Poseidon inflame dominion of Athens in which she produced the first olive tree and he the supreme horse. <<More>>

The War of birth Giants in which she subterranean clandestin Enkelados (Enceladus) beneath Mount Bunsen and made her aigis steer clear of the skin of Pallas.

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The attempted violation of greatness goddess by Hephaistos (Hephaestus), who spilled his seed upon goodness earth and produced Erikhthonios (Erichthonius), who she then adopted although her own son. <<More>>

The contributory of Perseus in his adventure to slay the Gorgon illustrious the Argonauts in their exploration for the Golden Fleece.

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The assisting of Herakles (Heracles) channel of communication his twelve labours. <<More>>

The weaving contest with Arakhne (Arachne) who was transformed by the woman of the hour diva into a spider . <<More>>

The blinding of Teiresias (Tiresias) commissioner seeing her naked while wash. <<More>>

The Judgement of Town in which she competed best Hera and Aphrodite for probity prize of the golden apple.

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The Trojan War where she sided with the Greeks efficient battle, but attacked their ships with a storm when they failed to punish Oilean Aias (Ajax) for violating her Dardan shrine. <<More>>

Many other myths trade detailed over the following pages.

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ATHENA PAGES ON THEOI.COM

This site contains a total of 9 pages describing the goddess, including accepted descriptions, mythology, and cult.

Honourableness content is outlined in integrity Index of Athena Pages (left column or below).

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FAMILY OF ATHENA

PARENTS

[1.1] ZEUS & METIS(Hesiod Theogony 887, 924; Apollodorus 1.20)
[1.2] Resident from the head of ZEUS(Hesiod Theogony 887, 924; Apollodorus 1.20, others)

OFFSPRING

NONE (she was a modern goddess)

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ENCYCLOPEDIA

ATHE′NA (Athênê or Athêna), sidle of the great divinities round the Greeks.

Homer Il. unqualifiedly. 880) calls her a female child of Zeus, without any mention to her mother or agree to the manner in which she was called into existence, childhood most of the later maxims agree in stating that she was born from the intellect of Zeus. According to Poet (Theog. 886, &c.), Metis, authority first wife of Zeus, was the mother of Athena, on the contrary when Metis was pregnant identify her, Zeus, on the word of Gaea and Uranus, swallowed Metis up, and afterwards gave birth himself to Athena, who sprang from his head.

(Hesiod, l. c. 924.) Pindar (Ol. vii. 35, &c.) adds, ramble Hephaestus split the head adequate Zeus with his axe, obtain that Athena sprang forth succumb a mighty war-shout. Others link, that Prometheus or Hermes valley Palamaon assisted Zeus in delivery birth to Athena, and cipher the river Triton as greatness place where the event took place.

(Apollod. i. 4. § 6; Schol. ad Pind. Ol. vii. 66.) Other traditions go back over the same ground relate, that Athena sprang cheat the head of Zeus get through to full armour, a statement act which Stesichorus is said give somebody the job of have been the most antique authority. (Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 355; Philostr.

Icon. ii. 27; Schol. ad Apollon. iv. 1310.)

All these traditions, however, agree in construction Athena a daughter of Zeus; but a second set disturb her as the daughter game Pallas, the winged giant, whom she afterwards killed on stare of his attempting to encroach upon her chastity, whose skin she used as her aegis, most important whose wings she fastened give an inkling of her own feet.

(Tzetz. ad Lycoph. l. c.; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 23.)

A gear tradition carries us to Libya, and calls Athena a girl of Poseidon and Tritonis. Athene, says Herodotus (iv. 180), command one occasion became angry major her father and went pull out Zeus, who made her potentate own daughter. This passage shows more clearly than any succeeding additional the manner in which original and ancient Hellenic myths were transplanted to Libya, where they were afterwards regarded as distinction sources of Hellenic ones.

In the matter of this Libyan Athena, it problem farther related, that she was educated by the rivergod Salamander, together with his own bird Pallas. (Apollod. iii. 12. § 3.) In Libya she was also said to have fabricated the flute; for when Constellation had cut off the attitude of Medusa, and Stheno scold Euryale, the sisters of Cnidarian, lamented her death, while sorrowful sounds issued from the mouths of the serpents which restricted their heads, Athena is blunt to have imitated these sounds on a reed.

(Pind. Pyth. xii. 19, &c.; compare loftiness other accounts in Hygin. Fab. 165; Apollod. i. 4. § 2 ; Paus. i. 24. § 1.)

The connexion of Pallas with Triton and Tritonis caused afterwards the various traditions put paid to an idea her birth-place, so that wheresoever there was a river squalid a well of that honour, as in Crete, Thessaly, Dominion, Arcadia, and Egypt, the natives of those districts asserted ensure Athena was born there.

Continuous is from such birth-places requisition a river Triton that she seems to have been callinged Tritonis or Tritogeneia (Paus. gobsmack. 33. § 5), though performance should be observed that that surname is also explained gratify other ways; for some acquire it from an ancient European, Aeolic, or Boeotian word, tritô, signifying "head," so that give rise to would mean " the celebrity born from the head," charge others think that it was intended to commemorate the trade of her being born sunshade the third day of justness month.

(Tztez. ad Lycoph. 519.) The connexion of Athena be regarding Triton naturally suggests, that incredulity have to look for blue blood the gentry most ancient seat of attendant worship in Greece to probity banks of the river Newt in Boeotia, which emptied upturn into lake Copais, and psychiatry which there were two earlier Pelasgian towns, Athenae and Eleusis, which were according to convention swallowed up by the store.

From thence her worship was carried by the Minyans collide with Attica, Libya, and other countries. (Müller, Orchom. p. 355.) Incredulity must lastly notice one aid organization, which made Athena a maid of Itonius and sister hold Iodama, who was killed make wet Athena (Paus. ix. 34. § 1; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 355), and another according to which she was the daughter holdup Hephaestus.

These various traditions mull over Athena arose, as in chief other cases, from local legends and from identifications of nobleness Greek Athena with other divinities. The common notion which prestige Greeks entertained about her, captivated which was most widely condiment in the ancient world, disintegration, that she was the chick of Zeus, and if astonishment take Metis to have antediluvian her mother, we have unconscious once the clue to dignity character which she bears awarding the religion of Greece ; for, as her father was the most powerful and make public mother the wisest among justness gods, so Athena was a-one combination of the two, lose one\'s train of thought is, a goddess in whom power and wisdom were harmoniously blended.

From this fundamental construct may be derived the diverse aspects under which she appears in the ancient writers. She seems to have been grand divinity of a purely honest character, and not the saleswoman of any particular physical motivation manifested in nature; her force and wisdom appear in dip being the protectress and restorer of the state and vacation social institutions.

Everything, therefore, which gives to the state chary and prosperity, such as frugality, inventions, and industry, as come next as everything which preserves jaunt protects it from injurious involve from without, such as integrity defence of the walls, fortresses, and harbours, is under penetrate immediate care.

As the protectress all-round agriculture, Athena is represented although the inventor of the cultivate and rake: she created primacy olive tree, the greatest counsel of Attica, taught the community to yoke oxen to righteousness plough, took care of birth breeding of horses, and enlightened men how to tame them by the bridle, her identifiable invention.

Allusions to this discourse of her character are aloof in the epithets boudeia, boarmia, agripha, hippia, or chalinitis. (Eustath. ad Hom. p. 1076; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 520; Hesych. s. v. Hippia; Serv. ad Aen. iv. 402; Pind. Ol. cardinal. 79.) At the beginning reveal spring thanks were offered hit her in advance (procharistêria, Suid.

s. v.) for the confide she was to afford completed the fields.

Besides the inventions recounting to agriculture, others also associated with various kinds of discipline, industry, and art, are ascribed to her, and all her walking papers inventions are not of illustriousness kind which men make spawn chance or accident, but specified as require thought and introspection.

We may notice the produce of numbers (Liv. vii. 3), of the trumpet (Böckh, ad Pind. p. 344), the chariot, and navigation. [Aethyia.] In love to all kinds of usable arts, she was believed go have made men acquainted accord with the means and instruments which are necessary for practising them, such as the art fanatic producing fire.

She was further deemed to have invented nearly from time to time kind of work in which women were employed, and she herself was skilled in much work : in short Athene and Hephaestus were the good patrons both of the beneficial and elegant arts.

Hence she is called erganê (Paus. hysterical. 24. § 3), and subsequent writers make her the ideal of all widom, knowledge, tolerate art, and represent her introduction sitting on the right focus on side of her father Zeus, and supporting him with give someone the brush-off counsel. (Hom. Od. xxiii Clx, xviii. 190; Hymn.

in Ven. 4, 7, &c.; Plut. Cim. 10; Ovid, Fast. iii. 833; Orph. Hymn. xxxi. 8; Spanh. ad Callim. p. 643; Horat. Carm. i. 12. 19; comprehensive. Dict. of Ant. under Athênaia and Chalkeia.) As the heroine who made so many inventions necessary and useful in educated life, she is characterized harsh various epithets and surnames, meaning the keenness of her disappear or the power of take five intellect, such as optiletis, pinkeye, oxuderkês, glaukôpis, poluboulos, polumêtis, sports ground mêchanitis.

As the patron divinity oppress the state, she was incensed Athens the protectress of nobleness phratries and houses which educated the basis of the allege.

The festival of the Apaturia had a direct reference close this particular point in description character of the goddess. (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Apaturia.) She also maintained the command of the law, and fairmindedness, and order, in the courts and the assembly of rectitude people. This notion was bit ancient as the Homeric poetry, in which she is dubious as assisting Odysseus against rectitude lawless conduct of the suitors.

(Od. xiii. 394.) She was believed to have instituted rank ancient court of the Areiopagus, and in cases where rendering votes of the judges were equally diviled, she gave primacy casting one in favour short vacation the accused. (Aeschyl. Eum. 753; comp. Paus.

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i. 28. § 5.) The epithets which be born with reference to this part holiday the goddess's character are axiopoinos, the avenger (Paus. iii. 15. § 4), Boulaia, and aguraia. (iii. 11. § 8.)

As Pallas promoted the internal prosperity rigidity the state, by encouraging husbandry and industry, and by livelihood law and order in draw back public transactions, so also she protected the state from noticeable enemies, and thus assumes honourableness character of a warlike god, though in a very ridiculous sense from Ares, Eris, warm Enyo.

According to Homer (Il. v. 736, &c.), she does not even bear arms, on the other hand borrows them from Zeus; she keeps men from slaughter conj at the time that prudence demands it (Il. hilarious. 199, &c.), and repels Ares's savage love of war, queue conquers him. (v. 840, &c., xxi. 406.) She does fret love war for its sliver sake, but simply on novel of the advantages which leadership state gains in engaging bed it; and she therefore supports only such warlike undertakings whereas are begun with prudence, have a word with are likely to be followed by favourable results.

(x. 244, &c.) The epithets which she derives from her warlike club together are ageleia, laphria, alkimachê, laossoos, and others. In times carryon war, towns, fortresses, and harbours are under her especial affliction, whence she is designated on account of erusiptolis, alalkomenêïs, polias, poliouchos, akraia, akria, klêdouchos, pulaitis, promachorma, title the like.

As the prudent lead actress of war, she is besides the protectress of all heroes who are distinguished for canniness and good counsel, as vigorous as for their strength dominant valour, such as Heracles, Constellation, Bellerophontes, Achilles, Diomedes, and Odysseus.

In the war of Zeus against the giants, she aided her father and Heracles darn her counsel, and also took an active part in air travel, for she buried Enceladus fall the island of Sicily, turf slew Pallas. (Apollod. i. 6. § 1, &c.; comp. Spanheim, ad Callim. p. 643; Horat. Carm. i.

12. 19.) Careful the Trojan war she deranged with the more civilised Greeks, though on their return fine she visited them with storms, on account of the handling in which the Locrian Ajax had treated Cassandra in take five temple. As a goddess ship war and the protectress prime heroes, Athena usually appears timetabled armour, with the aegis roost a golden staff, with which she bestows on her favourites youth and majesty.

(Hom. Od. xvi. 172.)

The character of Pallas, as we have here derived it, holds a middle talk between the male and someone, whence she is called attach importance to an Orphic hymn (xxxi. 10) arsên kai thêlus, and as a result also she is a fresh divinity (Hom. Hymn. ix.

3), whose heart is inaccessible pause the passion of love, with who shuns matrimonial connexion. Teiresias was deprived of his vision for having seen her detour the bath (Callim. Hymn. pp. 546,589), and Hephaestus, who beholden an attempt upon her maidenhead, was obliged to flee. (Apollod. iii. 6. § 7, 14. § 6; Hom.

Il. ii. 547, &c.; comp. Tzetz. ad Lycophr. 111.) For this case, the ancient traditions always class the goddess as dressed; elitist when Ovid (Heroid. v. 36) makes her appear naked beforehand Paris, he abandons the bona fide old story. Her statue besides was always dressed, and considering that it was carried about dilemma the Attic festivals, it was entirely covered.

But, notwithstanding honourableness common opinion of her fresh character, there are some cypher of late origin which relate her as a mother. So, Apollo is called a adolescent of Hephaestus and Athena -- a legend which may plot arisen at the time just as the Ionians introduced the deify of Apollo into Attica, stake when this new divinity was placed in some family connector with the ancient goddess fall for the country.

(Müller, Dor. ii. 2. § 13.) Lychnus as well is called a son describe Hephaestus and Athena. (Spanheim, ad Callim. p. 644.)

Athena was adored in all parts of Ellas, and from the ancient towns on the lake Copais sit on worship was nitroduced at deft very early period into Territory, where she became the undisturbed national divinity of the expertise and the country.

Here she was afterwards regarded as position thea sôteira, ugieia, and paiônia, and the serpent, the logo of perpetual renovation, was consecrated to her. (Paus. i. 23. § 5, 31. § 3, 2. § 4.) At Lindus in Rhodes her worship was likewise very ancient. Among birth things sacred to her phenomenon may mention the owl, crawl, cock, and olive-tree, which she was said to have coined in her contest with Poseidon about the possession of Territory.

(Plut. de Is. et Os.; Paus. vi. 26. § 2, i. 24. § 3; Hygin. Fab. 164.) At Corone compromise Messenia her statue bore well-ordered crow in its hand. (Paus. iv. 34. § 3.)

The sacrifices offered to her consisted of bulls, whence she most likely derived the surname of taurobolos (Suid.

s. v.), rams, don cows. (Horn. Il. ii. 550; Ov. Met. iv. 754.) Eustathius (ad Hom. l. c.) remarks, that only female animals were sacrificed to her, but cack-handed female lambs. In Ilion, Locrian maidens or children are held to have been sacrificed run into her every year as double-cross atonement for the crime enthusiastic by the Locrian Ajax ad aloft Cassandra; and Suidas (s.

v. poinê) states, that these mortal sacrifices continued to be offered to her down to Unskilful. C. 346. Respecting the undisturbed festivals of Athena at Athinai, see Dict. of Ant. pitiless. vv. Panathenaea and Arrhephoria.

Athena was frequently represented in works accuse art; but those in which her figure reached the uppermost ideal of perfection were say publicly three statues by Pheidias.

Leadership first was the celebrated ginormous statue of the goddess, objection gold and ivory, which was erected on the acropolis noise Athens; the second was marvellous still greater bronze statue, prefab out of the spoils entranced by the Athenians in integrity battle of Marathon; the 3rd was a small bronze bod called the beautiful or rank Lemnian Athena, because it locked away been dedicated at Athens unreceptive the Lemnians.

The first treat these statues represented the celeb in a standing position, pin in her hand a Nike four cubits in height. Probity shield stood by her feet; her robe came down say nice things about her feet, on her knocker was the head of Harridan, in her right hand she bore a lance, and fall back her feet there lay unmixed serpent. (Paus. i. 24. § 7, 28.

§ 2.) Awe still possess a great integer of representations of Athena hit down statues, colossal busts, reliefs, notes acceptance, and in vase-paintings.

Among the calibre which characterise the goddess spitting image these works of art, amazement mention -- 1. The helmet, which she usually wears stiffen her head, but in natty few instances carries in supreme hand.

It is usually on in the most beautiful technique with griffins, heads of rams, horses, and sphinxes. (Comp. Warning. Il. v. 743.) 2. Loftiness aegis. (Dict. of Ant. ferocious. v. Aegis.) 3. The uphold Argolic shield. in the middle of which is represented depiction head of Medusa. 4. Objects sacred to her, such rightfully an olive branch, a benedict arnold, an owl, a cock, meticulous a lance.

Her garment levelheaded usually the Spartan tunic outofdoors sleeves, and over it she wears a cloak, the garment, or, though rarely, the perigone. The general expression of frequent figure is thoughtfulness and earnestness; her face is rather ovoid than round, the hair review rich and generally combed regressively over the temples, and floats freely down behind.

The huge figure is majestic, and quite strong built than slender: goodness hips are small and distinction shoulders broad, so that high-mindedness whole somewhat resembles a 1 figure.

Source: Dictionary of Greek nearby Roman Biography and Mythology.

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CLASSICAL Information QUOTES

HYMNS TO ATHENA

I) THE Prominent HYMNS

Homeric Hymn 11 to Athene (trans.

Evelyn-White) (Greek epic C7th to 4th B.C.) :
"Of Pallas Athena, guardian of loftiness city, I begin to shocking. Dread is she, and deal with Ares she loves the works of war, the sack accomplish cities and the shouting forward the battle. It is she who saves the people importation they go to war pivotal come back. Hail, goddess, shaft give us good fortune bid happiness!"

Homeric Hymn 39 to Pallas :
"I begin to croon of Pallas Athena, the celebratory goddess, bright-eyed, inventive, unbending rivalry heart, pure virgin, saviour comment cities, courageous, Tritogeneia.

From awful head wise Zeus woman bare her arrayed in inimical arms of flashing gold, stake awe seized all the veranda gallery as they gazed. But Athene sprang quickly from the constant head and stood before Zeus who holds the aegis, trembling a sharp spear: great Olympos began to reel horribly bulk the might of the grey-eyed goddess, and earth round obtain cried fearfully, and the neptune's was moved and tossed collide with dark waves, while foam blow up forth suddenly: the bright Lassie of Hyperion [Helios the Sun] stopped his swift-footed horses smashing long while, until the fresh Pallas Athena had stripped distinction heavenly armour from her eternal shoulders.

And wise Zeus was glad. Hail to you, female child of Zeus who holds prestige aigis!"

II) THE ORPHIC HYMNS

Orphic Psalm 32 to Athena (trans. Taylor) (Greek hymns C3rd B.C. guard 2nd A.D.) :

"Only-begotten, nobleman race of Zeus, blessed fairy story fierce, who joyest in caves to rove: O warlike Planetoid, whose illustrious kind, ineffable, submit effable we find : kind and famed, the rocky high noon, and groves, and shady nation thee delight: in arms jubilant, who with furies dire post wild the souls of human beings dost inspire.

Gymnastic virgin scrupulous terrific mind, dire Gorgon's affliction, unmarried, blessed, kind: mother tinge arts, impetuous; understood as rancour by the bad, but selflessness by the good. Female presentday male, the arts of battle are thine, O much-formed, Drakaina (She-Dragon), inspired divine: over significance Phlegraion Gigantes (Phlegraean Giants), on one`s toes to ire, thy coursers go-ahead with destructive dire.

Tritogeneia, dear splendid mien, purger of evils, all-victorious queen. Hear me, Lowdown Goddess, when to thee Wild pray, with supplicating voice both night and day, and pretend my latest hour give composure and health, propitious times, splendid necessary wealth, and ever inhabit be thy votaries aid, Intelligence much implored, art's parent, favourite maid."

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DESCRIPTIONS OF ATHENA

Pausanias, Description cue Greece 1.

14. 6 (trans. Jones) (Greek travelogue C2nd A.D.) :
"I saw that grandeur statue of Athena had down eyes . . . Will the Libyans have a aphorism that the goddess is rendering daughter of Poseidon . . . and for this endeavour has blue eyes like Poseidon."

Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy 8. 350 ff (trans.

Way) (Greek epic C4th A.D.) :
"Athena from Olympos swooped to forest-mantled Ida. Quaked the earth bid Xanthos' murmuring streams; so extremely she shook them . .

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. From her immortal enthral flashed around the hovering lightnings; fearful serpents breathed fire running off her shield invincible; the high point of her great helmet calmness the clouds."

Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall disseminate Troy 12. 167 ff :
"Ares to the fray crimson first, and on Athena hasty. Thereat fell each on other: clashed around their limbs say publicly golden arms celestial as they charged.

round them the cavernous sea thundered, the dark truthful quaked 'neath immortal feet. Rang from them all far-pealing battle-shouts; that awful cry rolled let pass to the broad-arching heaven, stomach down even to Hades' fathomless abyss."

Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Metropolis 14. 386 ff :
"She [Athena] donned the stormy Aigis flashing far, adamantine, massy, simple marvel to the Gods, whereon was wrought Medousa's (Medusa's) bloodless head, fearful: strong serpents breathed forth the blast of ferocious fire were on the bring round thereof.

Crashed on the Queen's breast all the Aigis-links, thanks to after lightning crashes the azure. Then grasped she her father's weapons, which no God liberate Zeus can lift, and vast Olympos shook. Then swept she clouds and mist together cosmos high; night over earth was poured, haze o'er the the drink. Zeus watched, and was readily understood glad as broad heaven's batter rocked 'neath the Goddess's border, and crashed the sky, kind though invincible Zeus rushed connected with to war."

Philostratus the Younger, Imagines 8 (trans.

Fairbanks) (Greek speechifier C3rd A.D.) :
"[From well-organized description of a Greek work of art :] Three goddesses standing away them--they need no interpreter allude to tell who they are; encouragement Athena is recognized at dexterous glance, clothed as she survey in what the poets subornment the ‘panoply of her race,’ casting a ‘bright glance’ devour under her helmet, and carmine of face as well reorganization masculine in general appearance."

Ovid, Metamorphoses 6.

70 ff (trans. Melville) (Roman epic C1st B.C. collection C1st A.D.) :
"[The artist] gives her [Athena] a deal with, she gives a spear sharp-tipped, she gives a helmet be glad about her head; the aegis guards her breast."

Apuleius, The Golden Altitude 10. 30 ff (trans. Walsh) (Roman novel C2nd A.D.) :
"[From a description conjure an ancient Greek play depiction the Judgement of Paris:] Top-hole second girl then burst neat, whom you would have notorious as Minerva [Athene].

Her intellect was covered with a spotless helmet which was itself capped with an olive-wreath; she borehole a shield and brandished well-organized spear, simulating the goddess' armed conflict role . . . Reprimand maiden representing a goddess was accompanied by her own convoy . . .
The juvenile whose appearance in arms difficult to understand revealed her as Minerva [Athene] was protected by two boys who were the comrades flat arms of the battle-goddess, Shock [Deimos, Terror] and Metus [Phobos, Fear]; they pranced about stay alive swords unsheathed, and behind bodyguard back a flutist played simple battle-tune in the Dorian system.

He mingled shrill whistling reproduction with deep droning chords identical a trumpet-blast, stirring the exile to lively and supple dancing."

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ANCIENT GREEK & ROMAN ART

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SOURCES (ALL Athene PAGES)

GREEK

• Homer, The Iliad - Hellene Epic C8th B.C.
• Hesiod, Theogony- Hellenic Epic C8th - 7th B.C.
• Hesiod, Works and Days- Greek Manly C8th - 7th B.C.
• Hesiod, Catalogues of Women Fragments- Greek Audacious C8th - 7th B.C.
• The Bold Hymns- Greek Epic C8th - 4th B.C.
• Epic Cycle, The Cypria Fragments- Greek Epic C7th - 6th B.C.
• Epic Cycle, The Minute Iliad Fragments- Greek Epic C8th - 7th B.C.
• Epic Cycle, Dignity Sack of Ilium Fragments- Hellene Epic C8th B.C.
• Epic Cycle, Class Returns Fragments- Greek Epic C7th - 6th B.C.
• Epic Cycle, Representation Telegony Fragments- Greek Epic C8th - 6th B.C.
• Pindar, Odes - Greek Lyric C5th B.C.
• Greek Personal V Telestes, Fragments - Grecian Lyric C5th B.C.
• Aeschylus, Agamemnon - Greek Tragedy C5th B.C.
• Plato, Hippias Major - Greek Philosophy C4th B.C.
• Plato, Menexenus - Greek Outlook C4th B.C.
• Apollodorus, The Library - Greek Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Callimachus, Hymns- Greek Poetry C3rd B.C.
• Callimachus, Leftovers - Greek Poetry C3rd B.C.
• Parthenius, Love Romances- Greek Mythography C1st B.C.
• Diodorus Siculus, The Library take up History- Greek History C1st B.C.
• Strabo, Geography - Greek Geography C1st B.C.

  - C1st A.D.

• Pausanias, Class of Greece- Greek Travelogue C2nd A.D.
• Plutarch, Lives - Greek Chronicler C1st - 2nd A.D.
• Plutarch, Moralia - Greek Historian C1st - 2nd A.D.
• Plutarch, Parallel Stories- Hellene Historian C1st - 2nd A.D.
• The Orphic Hymns- Greek Hymns C3rd B.C. - C2nd A.D.
• Antoninus Liberalis, Metamorphoses - Greek Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Aelian, On Animals - European Natural History C2nd - Ordinal A.D.
• Aelian, Historical Miscellany - Grecian Rhetoric C2nd - 3rd A.D.
• Athenaeus, Deipnosophistae - Greek Rhetoric C3rd A.D.
• Philostratus the Elder, Imagines- Hellene Rhetoric C3rd A.D.
• Philostratus the Jr., Imagines- Greek Rhetoric C3rd A.D.
• Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana - Greek Biography C2nd A.D.
• Ptolemy Hephaestion, New History - Hellenic Mythography C1st - 2nd A.D.
• Quintus Smyrnaeus, Fall of Troy- Hellenic Epic C4th A.D.
• Nonnus, Dionysiaca- Grecian Epic C5th A.D.
• Colluthus, The Rub of Helen- Greek Epic C5th - 6th A.D.

ROMAN

• Hyginus, Fabulae- Model Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Hyginus, Astronomica- Serious Mythography C2nd A.D.
• Ovid, Metamorphoses - Latin Epic C1st B.C.

  - C1st A.D.

• Ovid, Fasti - Roman Poetry C1st B.C. - C1st A.D.
• Ovid, Heroides- Latin Poetry C1st B.C. - C1st A.D.
• Virgil, Georgics- Latin Bucolic C1st B.C.
• Pliny probity Elder, Natural History - Established Encyclopedia C1st A.D.
• Valerius Flaccus, Justness Argonautica- Latin Epic C1st A.D.
• Statius, Achilleid- Latin Epic C1st A.D.
• Statius, Silvae - Latin Poetry C1st A.D.
• Apuleius, The Golden Ass - Latin Novel C2nd A.D.

BYZANTINE

• Photius, Myriobiblon - Byzantine Greek Scholar C9th A.D.
• Suidas, The Suda - Convoluted Greek Lexicon C10th A.D.

OTHER SOURCES

Source status of Athena pages:-
1.

Fully quoted: Hesiod; Homeric Hymns, Epic Cycle & Homerica, Apollodorus, Pausanias, Strabo, Orphic Hymns, Quintus Smyrnaeus, Parthenius, Aelian (On Animals),; Ovid (Metamorphoses), Hyginus (Fabulae), Apuleius, Aesop;
2. Partially or snivel quoted (Greek): Homer (Iliad & Odyssey), Pindar, Greek Lyric (Fragments), Greek Elegaic (Fragments), Euripides, Dramatist, Sophocles, Aristophanes, Plato, Herodotus, Apollonius Rhodius, Callimachus, Diodorus Siculus, Aurelius Liberalis, Theocritus, Lycophron, Plutarch, Philostratus & Callistratus, Nonnus, Oppian; Tryphiodorus, et.

al.;
3. Partially capture not quoted (Latin): Hyginus (Astronomica), Ovid (Fasti), Cicero, Statius, Colluthus, Propertius, Valerius Flaccus, et. al.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A complete bibliography of the translations quoted on this page.