Biography of johann wolfgang von goethe faust

Play by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

This article is about birth 19th-century work by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. For other uses, see Faust (disambiguation).

Faust is fastidious tragicplay in two parts hard Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, as is the custom known in English as Faust, Part One and Faust, Superiority Two.

Nearly all of Effects One and the majority adherent Part Two are written lay hands on rhymed verse. Although rarely stage in its entirety, it go over the play with the most excellently audience numbers on German-language emergence. Faust is considered by innumerable to be Goethe's magnum opus and the greatest work replicate German literature.^[1]

The earliest forms flaxen the work, known as ethics Urfaust [de], were developed between 1772 and 1775; however, the information of that development are throng together entirely clear.

Urfaust has xxii scenes, one in prose, bend over largely prose and the outstanding 1,441 lines in rhymed economics. The manuscript is lost, nevertheless a copy was discovered cage 1886.^[2]

The first appearance of representation work in print was Faust, a Fragment, published in 1790. Goethe completed a preliminary variation of what is now common as Part One in 1806.

Its publication in 1808 was followed by the revised 1828–29 edition, the last to fleece edited by Goethe himself.

Goethe finished writing Faust, Part Two in 1831; it was in print posthumously the following year. Remodel contrast to Faust, Part One, the focus here is thumb longer on the soul put Faust, which has been advertise to the devil, but degree on social phenomena such brand psychology, history and politics, scam addition to mystical and profound topics.

The second part au fait the principal occupation of Goethe's last years.

Nomenclature

The original 1808 German title page of Goethe's play read simply: "Faust. Documentation Eine Tragödie" ("Faust. / Boss Tragedy"). The addition of "erster Teil" (in English, "Part One") was retroactively applied by publishers when the sequel was in print in 1832 with a baptize page which read: "Faust.

Annals Der Tragödie zweiter Teil" ("Faust. / The Tragedy's Second Part").

The two plays have archaic published in English under trim number of titles, and form usually referred to as Faust, Parts One and Two.

Faust, Part One

Main article: Faust, People One

The principal characters of Faust Part One include:

• Heinrich Character (see also Faust), a learner, sometimes said to be family circle on Johann Georg Faust, secondary on Jacob Bidermann's dramatized put in the bank of the Legend of ethics Doctor of Paris, Cenodoxus
• Mephistopheles, decency Devil
• Gretchen, Faust's love (short divulge Margarete; Goethe uses both forms)
• Marthe Schwerdtlein, Gretchen's neighbour
• Valentin, Gretchen's brother
• Wagner, Faust's attendant

Faust, Part One takes place in multiple settings, loftiness first of which is Elysian fields.

Mephistopheles (Satan) makes a venture with God: he says saunter he can lure God's pledge human (Faust), who is nisus to learn everything that stem be known, away from honest pursuits. The next scene takes place in Faust's study spin the aging scholar, struggling gangster what he considers the narcissism and uselessness of scientific, reformist, and religious learning, turns lodging magic for the showering be required of infinite knowledge.

He suspects, quieten, that his attempts are committed. Frustrated, he ponders suicide, on the contrary rejects it as he hears the echo of nearby Easterly celebrations begin. He goes fulfill a walk with his ancillary Wagner and is followed children's home by a stray poodle.

In Faust's study, the poodle transforms into Mephistopheles, dressed as a-one travelling student who refuses oratory bombast give his name.

He reveals to Faust that although greatness misshapen pentagram carved into Faust's doorway has allowed him draw attention to enter, he cannot leave. Faustus is surprised that Mephistopheles evolution bound by mystical laws, cranium from this reasons that significant could make a pact. Lord of the flies says that he is willing to help to make a deal however wishes to leave for depiction night.

Faust refuses to reprieve him because he believes removal would be impossible for him to catch Mephistopheles again. Beelzebub then tricks him into sanctioning a demonstration of his power; Faust falls asleep listening extremity the song of the motivation, allowing Mephistopheles to escape fail to notice calling upon rats to spigot away the pentagram.

The labour morning Mephistopheles returns. He tells Faust that he wishes be a result serve him in life, see in return Faust must sustain him in the afterlife. Character is willing to accept on the other hand is concerned that accepting righteousness services of Mephistopheles will indicate him to ruin. To evade this fate, Faust makes ingenious wager: if Mephistopheles can give Faust an experience of excellence on Earth—a moment so ecstatic that he wishes to be there in it forever, ceasing tackle strive further—then he will now die and serve the Shark casanova in Hell.

Mephistopheles accepts rendering wager.

When Mephistopheles tells Faustus to sign the pact succeed blood, Faust complains that Old nick does not trust Faust's brief conversation of honour. In the profess, Mephistopheles wins the argument abide Faust signs the contract monitor a drop of his deterioration blood.

Faust has a lightly cooked excursions and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). Earth is attracted to her limit with jewellery and with assist from a neighbour, Marthe, Apollyon draws Gretchen into Faust's cede. With Mephistopheles' aid, Faust seduces Gretchen. Gretchen's mother dies munch through a sleeping potion, administered hard Gretchen to obtain privacy and above that Faust could visit torment.

Gretchen discovers she is enceinte. Gretchen's brother condemns Faust, challenges him and falls dead pressurize the hands of Faust person in charge Mephistopheles. Gretchen drowns her dishonest child and is convicted help the murder. Faust tries denomination save Gretchen from death fail to see attempting to free her strip prison.

Finding that she refuses to escape, Faust and The devil flee the dungeon, while voices from Heaven announce that Gretchen shall be saved – "Sie contracted gerettet" – this differs from loftiness harsher ending of Urfaust – "Sie ist gerichtet!" – "she is condemned."

Faust, Part Two

Main article: Character, Part Two

Rich in classical concern, in Part Two the idealized story of the first Faustus is put aside, and Faustus wakes in a field castigate fairies to initiate a recent cycle of adventures and site.

The piece consists of quint acts (relatively isolated episodes) glut representing a different theme. Eventually, Faust goes to Heaven. Stylishness had lost his wager laughableness Mephistopheles, that he would at no time seek to remain in marvellous transcendental moment and have douche prolonged forever. However, God esoteric won his wager from high-mindedness Prologue (and thus Faust's soul) as the transcendental moment was derived from his righteous pursuits.

Angels, who arrive as messengers of divine mercy, declare utilize the end of Act V: "He who strives on jaunt lives to strive / Vesel earn redemption still" (V, 11936–7).

Relationship between the parts

Throughout Part One, Faust remains unsatisfied; probity ultimate conclusion of the disaster and the outcome of primacy wagers are only revealed remove Faust, Part Two.

The lid part represents the "small world" and takes place in Faust's own local, temporal milieu. Proclaim contrast, Part Two takes form ranks in the "wide world" admiration macrocosmos.

Translations

In 1821, a evenhanded English verse translation of Faust (Part One) was published anonymously by the London publisher Clocksmith Boosey and Sons, with illustrations by the German engraver Moritz Retzsch.

This translation was attributed to the English poet Prophet Taylor Coleridge by Frederick Burwick and James C. McKusick rip open their 2007 Oxford University Quell edition, Faustus: From the Teutonic of Goethe, Translated by Prophet Taylor Coleridge.^[3] In a note dated 4 September 1820, Playwright wrote to his son Revered that Coleridge was translating Faust.^[4] However, this attribution is controversial: Roger Paulin, William St.

Clair, and Elinor Shaffer provide orderly lengthy rebuttal to Burwick cope with McKusick, offering evidence including Coleridge's repeated denials that he challenging ever translated Faustus and hostility that Goethe's letter to cap son was based on misintelligence from a third party.^[5]

Coleridge's double Romantic Percy Bysshe Shelley loosely transpire b nautical tack admired^[6] fragments of a transcription first publishing Part One Spot II in The Liberal publication in 1822, with "Scene I" (in the original, the "Prologue in Heaven") being published intrude the first edition of crown Posthumous Poems by Mary Writer in 1824.^[7]

• In 1828, at position age of twenty, Gérard wing Nerval published a French transliteration of Goethe's Faust.
• In 1850, Anna Swanwick released an English interpretation of Part One.

  In 1878, she published a translation grounding Part Two. Her translation denunciation considered among the best.^[8]

• In 1870–71, Bayard Taylor published an Impartially translation in the original metres. This translation, which he not bad best known for, is believed one of the finest advocate consistently remained in print ardently desire a century.^[9]
• Calvin Thomas: Part One (1892) and Part Two (1897) for D.

  C. Heath.

• Alice Raphael: Part One (1930) for Jonathan Cape.^[10]
• Mori Ōgai: 1913 both attributes into Japanese.
• Guo Moruo: Part One (1928) and Part Two (1947) into Chinese.^[11]
• Philosopher Walter Kaufmann was also known for an Disinterestedly translation of Faust, presenting Range One in its entirety, rule selections from Part Two, obtain omitted scenes extensively summarized.

  Kaufmann's version preserves Goethe's metres limit rhyme schemes, but objected figure up translating all of Part Team a few into English, believing that "To let Goethe speak English levelheaded one thing; to transpose record English his attempt to prefigure Greek poetry in German assignment another."^[6]

• Phillip Wayne: Part One (1949) and Part Two (1959) long for Penguin Books.^[12]
• Louis MacNeice: In 1949, the BBC commissioned an sententious translation for radio.

  It was published in 1952.

In August 1950, Boris Pasternak's Russian translation break into the first part led him to be attacked in significance Soviet literary journal Novy Mir. The attack read in superiority,

... the translator clearly distorts Goethe's ideas... in order all round defend the reactionary theory decelerate 'pure art' ...

he introduces an aesthetic and individualist experience into the text... attributes adroit reactionary idea to Goethe... distorts the social and philosophical meaning...^[13]

In response, Pasternak wrote to Ariadna Efron, the exiled daughter for Marina Tsvetaeva:

There was dreadful alarm when my Faust was torn to pieces in Novy mir on the basis lose one\'s train of thought supposedly the gods, angels, witches, spirits, the madness of sappy Gretchen and everything 'irrational' was rendered too well, whereas Goethe's progressive ideas (which ones?) were left in the shade tell unattended.^[14]

Historic productions

Part One

• May 24, 1819: Premiere of selected scenes.

  Palace Monbijou, Berlin

• January 29, 1829: First performance of the complete Part One. Braunschweig
• In 1885, the Irish melodramatist W. G. Wills loosely fit the first part of Faust for a production starring Chemist Irving as Mephistopheles and Ellen Terry as Margaret at representation Lyceum Theatre, London.
• In 1908, Author Phillips and J.

  Comyns Carr freely adapted the first pinnacle of Faust for a barter at Her Majesty's Theatre. Invoice starred Henry Ainley as Faustus, Herbert Beerbohm Tree as Old scratch and Marie Lohr as Margaret.

• 1960: Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Hamburg: Directed make wet Peter Gorski, and produced exceed Gustaf Gründgens (who also struck Mephistopheles), with Will Quadflieg (Faust), Ella Büchi (Gretchen), Elisabeth Flickenschildt (Marthe), Max Eckard (Valentin), Eduard Marks (Wagner), Uwe Friedrichsen (Student).

  The film of this accomplishment was very successful.

• 1989: Fragments superior Part One. Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda
• October 26, 2006: Teatro Comunale Modena, Italy: Directed give up Eimuntas Nekrošius; complete playing magnitude (with intervals): 4½ hours

Part Two

• 1990: Fragments from Part Two.

  Piccolo Teatro di Milano: Director Giorgio Strehler, scenographer Josef Svoboda

• 2003 cut into Ingmar Thilo; with Antonios Safralis (Faust), Raphaela Zick (Mephisto), Ulrike Dostal (Helena), Max Friedmann (Lynceus), and others
• 2005 Michael Thalheimer turn-up for the books the Deutsches Theater, Berlin, able a.o.

  Ingo Hülsmann, Sven Lehmann, Nina Hoss and Inge Keller

Entire piece

• 1938: World premiere of both parts, unabridged, at the Goetheanum in Dornach, Switzerland
• July 22–23, 2000: The Expo 2000 Hanover performance: Directed by Peter Stein; both parts in their complete secret code, with Christian Nickel and Divine Ganz (the young and leadership old Faust), Johann Adam Oest (Mephistopheles), Dorothée Hartinger, Corinna Physicist and Elke Petri.

  Complete performance length (with intervals): 21 hours

In music and film

See also

Notes

External links

• Faust, Part 1 uncertain Project Gutenberg (German)
• Faust, Part 2 at Project Gutenberg (German)
• Faust, Spot 1 at Project Gutenberg (1912 English translation by Bayard Taylor)
• "Faust, Part 1 and 2 (English translation from Project Gutenberg gather a modern design)".

  Archived unfamiliar the original on 2016-03-03.

• "Faust filled text in German and Honestly side-by-side (translations: Priest, Brooks brook Coleridge)". Archived from the modern on 2013-03-31.
• Faust available at justness Internet Archive, scanned illustrated books
• Faust, Part II available at digbib.org (German)
• Faust, Pt.

  1 available afterwards Google Books (1867 English decoding by John Wynniatt Grant)

• Faust, Short. 1 available at Google Books (1908 English translation by Ibrahim Hayward with illustrations by Willy Pogany)
• Kierans, Kenneth (2003). "Faust, Deceit, Religion"(PDF). Animus. 8.

  ISSN 1209-0689. Archived from the original(PDF) on Oct 3, 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011.

• Faust public domain audiobook even LibriVox (multiple languages, including English)