Biography yuli khariton

Julius Borisovich Khariton, a physicist, was only of the leaders of blue blood the gentry Soviet atomic project, academician chief the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). In 1939-1941, together right Ya. B. Zeldovich, he designed the chain reaction of disassociation in uranium. Since 1945 - scientific adviser of KB-11.

Sediment 1945-1953 - Member of magnanimity Technical Council of the Especial Committee and Scientific and Complicated Council of PSU under rank Council of Ministers of righteousness USSR. Three times Hero illustrate Socialist Labor (1949, 1951, 1954). Laureate of the Lenin (1956) and three State (1949, 1951, 1953) awards of the USSR.

Julius Borisovich Khariton was autochthon on February 14 (February 27 according to a new style) in St.

Petersburg in 1904 in the family of newshound Boris Iosifovich Khariton and high-mindedness Moscow Art Theater artist Mirra Yakovlevna Burovskaya. In addition disclose him, the family had team a few daughters: Lydia (born in 1899) and Anna (born in 1901).

In 1915, Julia was concrete in a real school, justness course of which he completes in 1919.

Since he was accepted to higher education devour the age of 16, appease had to work for undiluted year as a mechanical pupil in a railway telegraph workroom. In 1920, at the blaze of 16, Yuli Borisovich entered the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. Not far from he listened to lectures emergency the patriarch of Russian physics A.F.

Ioffe , which erotic a young student's interest make a claim physics. A year after decency start of studies, Yu.B. Khariton moved from Electromechanical to integrity Faculty of Physics and Performance, which he graduated in 1925 with a diploma in fleshly engineering.

While still a fan, Julius Borisovich since 1921 accessible the invitation of N.N.

Semenov began to work in sovereign laboratory created at the Physico-Technical Institute, whose director was AF Joffe . In this workplace, Julius Borisovich completed his primary research. His first works (1924) were the determination of greatness critical temperature of condensation dead weight metallic vapors and joint join N.N. Semenovand A.I.

Shalnikov studies the interaction of molecules explore the surface of solids. Smother 1925, "The Problem in Physics," written by A.F. Walther, V.I. Kondratiev and Yu.B. Khariton, like that which they were still students. Nobleness booklet was well-deservedly popular centre of physics students of several generations. At the age of 20, Yu.B.

Khariton together with Z.F. Valtoy performed and published rank scientific work Oxidation of Element Vapors at Low Pressures, blessed which he first experimentally showed the existence of branched course chemical reactions using phosphorus corrosion as an example. The catch of this phenomenon in magnanimity future was a solid foot created by N.N. Semenovthe belief of branching chain reactions, get something done which he was awarded magnanimity Nobel Prize in 1956.

Finish equal his monograph "Chain reactions", promulgated in 1934, N.N. Semenov ended the inscription:. "Dear Khariton, who first pushed my idea connect chain reactions"

In 1926, Khariton was sent for two days on a scientific mission assail England to the famous Obstruct Laboratory. Here, under the dominion of Rutherford and Chadwick, explicit performed work on the schematic of registering alpha particles, enjoin in 1928 he defended consummate thesis for the degree end Doctor of Philosophy.

Returning on every side Russia, Khariton spent 10 majority teaching at the Polytechnic Society, and also resumed work beneath the guidance of N.N. Semenovphysical and chemical sector of nobility Physicotechnical Institute. He consciously famous purposefully chooses a new progression for his future activities. Instruction 1931, the physico-chemical sector was transformed into the Institute annotation Chemical Physics, where Khariton formed and headed the Laboratory work out Explosives (BB), which soon became a recognized school of bang physics.

Before the war, Khariton began research on the string fission of uranium.

In 1939, an article by Yu.B. Khariton and Ya.B. Zeldovich "On rank main chain decay of metal isotopes," and prepared an concept "On the chain of metal decay under the interaction considerate slow neutrons." The main completion from these works was magnanimity need to enrich uranium state a light isotope for interpretation implementation of a nuclear string reaction.

When conducting research amuse yourself the fission of uranium nuclei, Julius Borisovich actively communicated climb on I.V. Kurchatov and in 1940 entered the "uranium committee" go together with the USSR Academy of Sciences.

During the Great Patriotic Hostilities, Khariton, using the experience ray knowledge of explosion physics, conducted extensive experimental and theoretical be concerned on the substantiation of pristine types of weapons of integrity Red Army and the con of new types of hostile weapons, as well as over-ambitious surrogate explosives, continuing to direct the department of theory duplicate explosives at the Institute be a witness Chemical Physics.

In 1943, I.V.

Kurchatov , who headed authority USSR atomic project attracted Khariton to develop atomic weapons delighted enroll in the Laboratory integer 2 of the USSR. Prestige choice of I.V.Kurchatov was kindhearted and clear - to invite a leader of Russian body of knowledge by chain reactions to character realization of a chain hub of a nuclear explosion.

Herbaceous border May 1945, the USSR, congregate with its allies (USA, England and France) completed the eat humble pie of Germany and celebrated magnanimity Victory.

Yu.B. Khariton was play a part in the group of physicists to clarify the state make known German research on nuclear weapons, which flew to Berlin pressure May. One of the scary results was discovered by Yu.B. Khariton and I.K. Kikoin examine a hundred tons of u oxide. Team Leader A.P. Zavenyagin organized the shipment of metal oxide in Moscow.

I.V. Kurchatov said that the uranium begin in Germany about a day cut launch commercial reactor compact the Urals to produce plutonium.

On August 20, after nobleness atomic bombing of Hiroshima gain Nagasaki, the State Defense 1 adopted a resolution on nobility creation of a Special Council (chairman - L.P. Beria ), endowed with extraordinary powers, who was to lead the ascendancy to solve the problem.

Delve into consider scientific and technical issues on the atomic problem, uncut Technical Council was created access the Special Committee. As affiliates of the council, I.V. Kurchatov and Yu B Khariton.

Update 1946, a decree of ethics USSR Council of Ministers keep the direct creation of nickel-and-dime atomic bomb organized a twig of laboratory No.

2 — the design bureau (KB-11). Decency country's leadership appoints Yu.B.Khariton look after be the chief designer all but the atomic bomb, and therefore the scientific director of atomic charges and nuclear weapons.

Suffer the loss of this moment, the life obtain work of Yu.B. Khariton was inextricably linked with overcoming loftiness US nuclear monopoly, creating lastditch atomic bomb, and then booming and improving domestic nuclear weapons.

It was a tremendous pierce in its scale, in burgeoning the many scientific and applied fields of knowledge that pressure up nuclear weapons technology, bid in its military-political significance.

That's how Yu.B. Khariton describes illustriousness entry of our country smash into the atomic era: “I pleasure amazed and bow to what was done by our subject in 1946-1949.

It was bawl easy later. But this day of tension, heroism, creative going and dedication was beyond sort. Only a strong-willed people aft such incredibly difficult trials could do something completely out cosy up the ordinary: a half-starved very last just emerging from a withering war country in a bloody years developed and implemented excellence latest technologies, launched the origination of uranium, ultrapure graphite, element, heavy water ...

"

Move the post of scientific coach of VNIIEF Yu.B. Khariton remained for 46 years, until 1992, when he became an Intended Scientific Director of VNIIEF. Honourableness exceptional talent of the soul and organizer of science legal Khariton to successfully lead greatness main directions of the systematic and design work of nobility institute.

In terms of ugliness to work and endurance, crystalclear had no equal, as do creative longevity. For almost onehalf a century, he served likewise chairman of the Minatom Wellorganized and Technical Council on Fissile Weapons.

Using enormous influence dominant possessing an amazing gift shield understand details in any mathematical and technical issues, he, resume an abundance of proposals remarkable points of view of thread scientists and institutes, was honest to choose the most leading ideas and translate them ways new outstanding designs.

When disagreements arose between institutes, Yu.B. Khariton always sought to understand beget detail their causes and loftiness essence of new proposals topmost ideas. Thanks to his skilled leadership and the highest true authority, he managed to dredge up optimal solutions.

A lot grounding brilliant scientists and leaders took part in the domestic Microscopic project.

But among these attentiongrabbing people, Julius Borisovich was orderly phenomenon. Its uniqueness consisted ordinary the fact that he was not only a theoretical physicist, but also an outstanding experimenter, design engineer, creator of unadulterated system for the production, development and testing of nuclear weapons.

He assumed responsibility for call for only everything related to say publicly development of nuclear weapons at an earlier time their continuous progress, but too for the safety of control, testing and operation of these weapons, which have no analogues in the destructive power.

Yu.B.

Khariton was the first trigger formulate requirements for the cover of nuclear weapons, he radius about the inadmissibility of capital nuclear explosion in all erratic situations in which nuclear weapons could be. Thanks to diadem exactingness, we still had negation breakdowns, failures and escaped accidents with nuclear weapons.

He was the creator of the representation of not only the fissionable weapons of our country, however also many human destinies, devoting his life to science, which saved the world from calligraphic war terrible in its benefits.

His exceptional activities and original achievements amaze and amaze. Yu.B. Khariton was the creator liberation a number of scientific schools in the most diverse areas of physics and technology. Amidst his students are outstanding scientists.

All the leaders of communiquй state from Stalin to Yeltsin listened to the quiet articulate of this man.

And honesty fact that Minatom / Rosatom - the only one trip the giants of the home defense industry has survived extract continues to exist was chiefly due to its merit.

Influence country praised the activities dying Yu.B. Khariton. He was dignity Thrice Hero of Socialist Class, laureate of the Lenin attend to State Prizes, was awarded hexad Orders of Lenin, the Evidence of the Red Star, integrity October Revolution, the Red Ensign of Labor, the medal "For the Defense of Leningrad", natty full member of the Faculty of Sciences of the USSR since 1953, was awarded position highest awards of the State Academy of Sciences - Yellowness medals to them.

M.V. Lomonosov and I.V. Kurchatov .

Y.B. Khariton died December 18, 1996. At the end of cap life's journey, Yuli Borisovich Khariton felt with particular acuteness realm responsibility as a scientist limit person, for the future accord mankind. His testament was leadership words: "Striving for the blow, do not do the worst."